The Science Behind ADHD: Brain Function and Neurotransmitters

What Happens in the ADHD Brain?

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, meaning it stems from differences in brain structure and function. People with ADHD have variations in brain regions that control:

• Attention

• Executive function

• Impulse control

• Motivation and reward

These differences explain why focus, organization, and self-control can be challenging.

Key Brain Regions Involved

1. Prefrontal Cortex

• Responsible for planning, decision-making, and self-regulation

• Often underactive in ADHD, leading to difficulty staying organized and regulating impulses
  
  

2. Basal Ganglia

• Helps control movement and reward processing

• Differences may contribute to hyperactivity and difficulty initiating tasks
  
  

3. Cerebellum

• Coordinates motor control and attention

• Structural differences may affect timing and cognitive control
  

Neurotransmitters and ADHD

Chemical messengers play a key role:

• Dopamine: Regulates motivation, reward, and focus

• Norepinephrine: Influences attention, alertness, and arousal

Low or imbalanced levels of these neurotransmitters make it harder to sustain focus and regulate behavior.

Genetics and ADHD

ADHD often runs in families. Multiple genes contribute small increases in risk. Environmental factors like prenatal stress, maternal smoking, or premature birth may also interact with genetics to influence development.

Final Thoughts

ADHD is rooted in biological and neurological differences—it’s not caused by laziness or poor parenting. Understanding the brain science behind ADHD reduces stigma and highlights why treatment and support are effective.